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What can we learn from the Theranos case (Cosa possiamo imparare dal caso Theranos) - Part 1

Updated: Feb 2, 2023

Italian version (original) to be found below


The Theranos case has passioned the public opinion, sparking outrage and disbelief.

How is it possible that something like this could have happened? Who is really at fault? How aware were the CEO and her staff? Clearly the focus has been on the figure of Elisabeth Holmes, and how could it be otherwise, her person was predestined for a prominent media role, success and power, admiration and envy, young and female...the perfect protagonist. But before we dwell on her figure in this story, let us have a look and analyse in detail the role of the other actors.


In this regard, I refer to the article that appeared a few days ago in #laRepubblica #ItalianTech, talking about "Three things to learn in the Theranos case," https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2022/11/23/news/3_cose_da_imparare_dal_caso_theranos_e_dalla_condanna_di_elizabeth_holmes-375631792/?ref=RHRM-BG-I0-P5-S1-T1&__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar, in which "investors' mistakes" is reported as the first point, focusing on the fact that "it is in general difficult to admit that you've made an error, and even more so for those who operate in venture capitalism, where a single mistake can burn you forever." There would be lots to say about this sentence, and why it is like that, but we'll do so another time.


The article brings up as a co cause of what happened with Theranos: the Human Factor, in many cases Ego or fear of others' judgment, which prevents investors from saying "we tried, we knew it could go wrong, it went wrong." Regarding the reasons why we prefer to carry out the wrong choice, rather than admit that we were not right, I have already written in the post "don't be right, be successful", https://www.smartdrug.ch/post/don-t-be-right-be-successful, but what I want to talk about here and explain in more detail is an additional aspect.


It is not completely correct and exhaustive to say, as reported by #ItalianTech, that investors simply "misjudged" Theranos. The reality is much more complex. In fact, what is difficult to say and admit in such a seductive (who does not find venture capitalists fascinating?) and risky "game" is that on the one hand, it is incredibly difficult, not to say utterly unrealistic, to be able to evaluate all the technical and scientific aspects when getting ready to invest in a startup, especially if it is an innovative technology. Add to this the fact that, in most cases, investors are mostly anyhow unable to make such an assessment, not for lack of acumen, but for lack of specific expertise…and this is still not enough since, by definition, the technology in question is precisely innovative, that is, never used or existing before. This implies, those aspects that are impossible to assess and know prior to its development are the majority, even for people considered highly competent and experienced in the field.


The famous "due diligence" is thus at most a superficial exercise, despites necessary, and it could not be anything else. The attempt and claim and believe it has greater predictive value is clearly contradicted by the facts.


So, the main error lies not in not being able to make a correct assessment from the beginning, but in claiming to be able to do so, and wanting others to believe it, refusing to revise that position even when the evidence clearly indicates its fallacy.


The abominable mistake lies in the fact that investors base their own credibility vis-à-vis their reference stakeholders, such media, other investors, ecosystem, precisely on the claim of their ability to evaluate something that is, in fact, impossible to evaluate accurately, rather than basing such credibility on the admission of the objectively limited possibility of judgment. And focusing on other criteria.

Such an admission would not only make them more credible, because closer to the reality, but the very license to change one's mind and then go in the most appropriate direction would, in fact, pave the way for a greater likelihood of success. And, at the same time, help reducing catastrophic events such as the Theranos one.


While such "due diligence" is helpful in eliminating blatantly unsuitable cases, it does not help to ensure a startup will work. The difference, in order to have a higher probability of success, lies not in the accuracy of the initial assessment, but in how one will succeed in solving the problems that will be inevitably encountered. It is a game that is played by playing.


In fact, during the initial due diligence exercise, too much weight is given to the wrong elements, which, although contributing, are not the essential ones to the success of the project.

So it is never possible to evaluate a technology very accurately since its "feasibility" and ultimate success are to be searched in the details, and these will only be discovered along the way.


It is therefore essential, while keeping a watchful eye on the market potential, to be able to navigate in unknown waters and take the best decisions on a case-by-case basis, looking in depth and understanding the implications at each step, because this will make all the difference.


It is not the allure and promises of the technology, which clearly must be there, to be the main factor, but the achievability of its implementation. That is, both the actual technical feasibility, where little is generally known and the most suitable solutions must be found along the way, and the capacity to take these decisions, which is a human factor and depends to a large extent on the people, internal structure and mechanisms of the company.


Both of these aspects are not assessable at the beginning of an investment, the first because, in any new technology, the problems that will be encountered will be unique, the second because, despite good will, human systems are often imperfect and it is not always the case that people with the right characteristics are chosen (more on this in another post).


Add to this the fact that development plans are often expected to be defined with obsessive precision, a not only unrealistic but, against all conviction, counterproductive request: the more one tries to define a scenario, a milestone, a problem, primarily in order to appear competent and gain the trust of the various business partners, the less likely one will be to be able to implement the right solution.


Such "certainties" give the inattentive investor the illusory impression of control, of being "on top of things," but in reality the demand for precise definition limits the possibility of action, both operationally and psychologically, to the detriment of the flexibility needed to be able to make the right choice, forcing to stay within a previously defined framework (again in order not to disappoint, not to admit one's mistake, not to lose trust) instead of being free to find the best answer and make it happen.


The "average" investor wants certainty, without realizing that such certainty is the opposite of what is needed, and inversely proportional to the probability of his own success.


It is not primarily the "what," but the "who" and the "how" (plus of course the "why," also sometimes to be discovered and refined along the way) that is really important. And the "who" does not have to be the person who gives certainties, but who is able to find the right way.


The future is not exactly predictable, the ability to create it as we go, without preconceived ideas, and the courage and intellectual honesty to admit that exact plans are neither feasible nor effective, are the main predictors of a startup's success, especially when dealing with innovative technologies.


And here we come to the conclusion of Italiantech's article: not all startups that raise a lot of money are good per se. No, far from it.


Finding new financing is related in many cases more to the ability to convince, sometimes even ignoring or embellishing reality, than to real intrinsic value, and this because of another very human reason: we like to be dazzled and we tend to consider competent those who tell us what we want to hear and we ourselves are already convinced of, rather than those who can analyse problems objectively and tell the truth. But this is a topic that deserves its own chapter, to be elaborated by talking also about the figure of Elizabeth Holmes and the dynamics of fundraising, and will be the subject of another post.


-----------------------------------------------


Il caso di Theranos ha appassionato le cronache, suscitando indignazione ed incredulità.

Come è possibile che qualcosa di simile sia successo? Chi è davvero colpevole? Quanto consapevoli erano il CEO e i suoi collaboratori? Chiaramente l'attenzione si è focalizzata sulla figura di Elisabeth Holmes, e come potrebbe essere diversamente, la sua persona era predestinata ad un ruolo mediatico di primo piano, successo e potere, ammirazione ed invidia, e in piu' giovane e donna...la protagonista perfetta. Ma prima di soffermarci sulla sua figura in questa storia, cerchiamo di guardare ed analizzare in dettaglio il ruolo degli altri attori.


A questo proposito, mi ricollego all'articolo apparso qualche giorno fa su #laRepubblica #ItalianTech, riguardante "Tre cose da imparare nel caso Theranos" https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2022/11/23/news/3_cose_da_imparare_dal_caso_theranos_e_dalla_condanna_di_elizabeth_holmes-375631792/?ref=RHRM-BG-I0-P5-S1-T1&__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar , in cui si riporta come primo punto "gli errori degli investitori", focalizzandosi sul fatto che "è in generale difficile ammettere di avere preso una cantonata, e ancora di più per chi opera nel venture capitalism, dove un singolo errore può bruciarti per sempre". Su questa frase, e sul perchè sia cosi' (che senso ha che un errore bruci per sempre), ci sarebbero lunghe riflessioni da fare, ma le faremo un'altra volta.


L’articolo riporta come concausa il fattore umano, in molti casi l'Ego o la paura del giudizio altrui, che impedisce di dire “abbiamo provato, sapevamo che poteva andare male, è andata male”. A tale proposito, a riguardo dei motivi che ci spingono a preferire di portare avanti la scelta sbagliata piuttosto che ammettere di non aver avuto ragione, ho già scritto nel post "don't be right, be successful" https://www.smartdrug.ch/post/don-t-be-right-be-successful , ma cio' di cui voglio parlare qui è un aspetto ulteriore.


Non è completamente corretto ed esaustivo affermare, come riportato da #ItalianTech, che gli investitori semplicemente abbiano "valutato male" Theranos. La realtà è molto piu' complessa. Infatti, cio' che risulta difficile dire ed ammettere per tutti i giocatori di un "gioco" cosi' seducente (chi non trova affascinanti in venture capitalists?) e rischioso, è che da un lato è incredibilmente difficile, per non dire assolutamente irrealistico, poter valutare tutti gli aspetti tecnici e scientifici quando ci si appresta ad investire in una startup, soprattutto se si tratta di una tecnologia innovativa. A cio’ si aggiunge che, nella maggior parte dei casi, gli investitori non sono in grado di effettuare tale valutazione, non per mancanza di acume, ma per mancanza di competenze specifiche. Per definizione poi, essendo in genere la tecnologia appunto innovativa, cioe' mai usata o esistita prima, gli aspetti impossibili da valutare e conoscere prima del suo sviluppo sono la maggioranza, anche per persone considerate altamente competenti ed esperte nel campo.


Di conseguenza, la famosa "due diligence" è quindi al piu’ un esercizio superficiale, purchè necessario, e non potrebbe essere altro. Il tentativo e pretesa di ritenerla dotata di piu’ grandi capacità predittive è contraddetto chiaramente dai fatti.


L'errore principale non stà dunque nel non essere in grado di effettuare una valutazione corretta dall'inizio, ma nel pretendere di poterlo fare, e nel voler farlo credere agli altri, rifiutando di rivedere tale posizione, anche quando le evidenze indicano chiaramente la sua fallacità.


L'errore abominevole risiede nel fatto che gli investitori basano la loro credibilità nei confronti dei loro stakeholders di riferimento, media, altri investitori, ecosistema, proprio sul fatto di essere in grado di valutare qualcosa di, in realtà, impossibile da valutare con precisione, piuttosto che basare tale credibilità sull'ammissione della oggettivamente limitata possibilità di giudizio.

Tale ammissione non solo li renderebbe piu' credibili perchè piu' vicini alla realtà delle cose, ma proprio la licenza di cambiare idea per andare poi nella direzione piu' appropriata aprirebbe la strada da un lato a piu' grandi probabilità di successo finale, dall'altro contribuirebbe a ridurre eventi catastrofici come, appunto, il caso Theranos.

Se tale "due diligence" è utile ad eliminare i casi platealmente inadatti, non aiuta a far funzionare una startup. La differenza, al fine di avere una piu' alta probabilità di riuscita, non si trova nella esattezza della valutazione iniziale, ma risiede nel come si riuscirà a risolvere i problemi che inevitabilmente si incontreranno. E’ un gioco che si gioca giocando.


Durante l'esercizio iniziale della "due diligence" si da' infatti troppo peso agli elementi sbagliati, che, pur dando un contributo, non sono quelli essenziali e di maggior peso per la riuscita del progetto. Non si potrà mai ad esempio valutare veramente una tecnologia poichè la sua "fattibilità" e la sua riuscita finale sono da cercare nei dettagli, e questi si scopriranno solo strada facendo.


E' quindi essenziale, pur tenendo uno sguardo vigile sulle potenzialità di mercato, riuscire a navigare al meglio in acque sconosciute e prendere le decisioni migliori volta per volta, guardando in profondità e capendo le implicazioni ad ogni passaggio, perchè questo farà la differenza.


Non è quindi il fascino e promesse della tecnologia, che chiaramente devono essere presenti, il fattore principale, ma è la possibilià di realizzarla. Si intende sia la effettiva attuabilià tecnica, cosa di cui in genere si conosce poco, e per cui bisogna trovare le soluzioni piu' adatte e fattibili ad ogni passo, sia la capacità di prendere queste decisioni, e questo è un fattore umano e dipende in larga scala dalle persone, dalla struttura e meccanismi interni alla società.


Entrambi questi aspetti non sono esattamente valutabili all'inizio di un investimento, il primo perchè in ogni nuova tecnologia i problemi che si incontreranno saranno unici, il secondo perchè, nonostante la buona volontà, i sistemi umani sono spesso imperfetti e non sempre si scelgono persone con le caratteristiche giuste (piu' a questo proposito e sui motivi di tale fenomeno in un altro post).


Si aggiunge il fatto che spesso ci si aspetta che i piani di sviluppo siano definiti con precisione maniacale, cosa di per se' non solo irrealistica, ma, diversamente dalle convinzioni, addirittura controproducente: piu' si cerca di definire uno scenario, una milestone, un problema che ancora non si conosce a fondo, al fine principalmente di apparire competenti e guadagnare la fiducia dei vari business partners, meno saranno le probabilità di trovarne la soluzione migliore.


Tali “certezze” danno all’investitore disattento un’illusoria impressione di controllo, di essere “on top of things”, ma in realtà la richiesta di definizione precisa limita il campo d'azione, sia operativamente che psicologicamente, a detrimento della flessibilità necessaria per poter fare la scelta giusta, obbigando a restare in un ambito precedentemente definito (anche in questo caso per non deludere, per non tornare sui propri passi, per non ammettere di avere sbagliato, per non perdere la fiducia) invece di essere liberi di trovare e implementare la soluzione migliore.


L'investitore “medio” vuole certezze, e non si rende conto che tali certezze sono l’opposto di cio’ che serve, e inversamente proporzionali alle probabilità di successo.


Non è principalmente il “cosa”, ma il “chi” e il “come” (oltre ovviamente al “perchè”, anche questo da scoprire a volte strada facendo) ad essere veramente importanti. E il "chi" non è la persona che da' certezze, ma quella che sa trovare la strada giusta.

Il futuro non è esattamente prevedibile, la capacità di crearlo nel modo migliore via facendo, senza idee preconcette, e il coraggio e l'onestà intellettuale di ammettere che piani esatti non sono nè realizzabili nè opportuni ed efficaci, sono i principali fattori predittivi del successo di una startup, specialmente in ambito di tecnologie innovative.


E qui veniamo appunto alla conclusione dell'articolo di Italian Tech: non tutte le startups che raccolgono molti soldi sono di per se' valide. No, ben lontano dall'esserlo.


Il fatto di trovare finanziamenti è correlato piu' alla capacità di convincere, a volte anche ignorando o abbellendo la realtà, che al reale valore intrinseco, e questo per un'altra ragione molto umana: ci piace farci abbagliare e tendiamo a ritenere competente chi ci racconta quello che vogliamo sentire e di cui siamo noi stessi convinti, piuttosto che chi sa' analizzare i problemi oggettivamente e dire la verità. Ma questo è un tema che merita un capitolo a sè, da elaborare parlando della figura di Elisabeth Holmes e delle dinamiche di finanziamento, e sarà oggetto di un'altro post.


----------------------------------


The Theranos case has passioned the public opinion, sparking outrage and disbelief.

How is it possible that something like this could have happened? Who is really at fault? How aware were the CEO and her staff? Clearly the focus has been on the figure of Elisabeth Holmes, and how could it be otherwise, her person was predestined for a prominent media role, success and power, admiration and envy, young and female...the perfect protagonist. But before we dwell on her figure in this story, let us have a look and analyse in detail the role of the other actors.


In this regard, I refer to the article that appeared a few days ago in #laRepubblica #ItalianTech, talking about "Three things to learn in the Theranos case," https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2022/11/23/news/3_cose_da_imparare_dal_caso_theranos_e_dalla_condanna_di_elizabeth_holmes-375631792/?ref=RHRM-BG-I0-P5-S1-T1&__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar, in which "investors' mistakes" is reported as the first point, focusing on the fact that "it is in general difficult to admit that you've made an error, and even more so for those who operate in venture capitalism, where a single mistake can burn you forever." There would be lots to say about this sentence, and why it is like that, but we'll do so another time.


The article brings up as a co cause of what happened with Theranos: the Human Factor, in many cases Ego or fear of others' judgment, which prevents investors from saying "we tried, we knew it could go wrong, it went wrong." Regarding the reasons why we prefer to carry out the wrong choice, rather than admit that we were not right, I have already written in the post "don't be right, be successful", https://www.smartdrug.ch/post/don-t-be-right-be-successful, but what I want to talk about here and explain in more detail is an additional aspect.


It is not completely correct and exhaustive to say, as reported by #ItalianTech, that investors simply "misjudged" Theranos. The reality is much more complex. In fact, what is difficult to say and admit in such a seductive (who does not find venture capitalists fascinating?) and risky "game" is that on the one hand, it is incredibly difficult, not to say utterly unrealistic, to be able to evaluate all the technical and scientific aspects when getting ready to invest in a startup, especially if it is an innovative technology. Add to this the fact that, in most cases, investors are mostly anyhow unable to make such an assessment, not for lack of acumen, but for lack of specific expertise…and this is still not enough since, by definition, the technology in question is precisely innovative, that is, never used or existing before. This implies, those aspects that are impossible to assess and know prior to its development are the majority, even for people considered highly competent and experienced in the field.


The famous "due diligence" is thus at most a superficial exercise, despites necessary, and it could not be anything else. The attempt and claim and believe it has greater predictive value is clearly contradicted by the facts.


So, the main error lies not in not being able to make a correct assessment from the beginning, but in claiming to be able to do so, and wanting others to believe it, refusing to revise that position even when the evidence clearly indicates its fallacy.


The abominable mistake lies in the fact that investors base their own credibility vis-à-vis their reference stakeholders, such media, other investors, ecosystem, precisely on the claim of their ability to evaluate something that is, in fact, impossible to evaluate accurately, rather than basing such credibility on the admission of the objectively limited possibility of judgment. And focusing on other criteria.

Such an admission would not only make them more credible, because closer to the reality, but the very license to change one's mind and then go in the most appropriate direction would, in fact, pave the way for a greater likelihood of success. And, at the same time, help reducing catastrophic events such as the Theranos one.


While such "due diligence" is helpful in eliminating blatantly unsuitable cases, it does not help to ensure a startup will work. The difference, in order to have a higher probability of success, lies not in the accuracy of the initial assessment, but in how one will succeed in solving the problems that will be inevitably encountered. It is a game that is played by playing.


In fact, during the initial due diligence exercise, too much weight is given to the wrong elements, which, although contributing, are not the essential ones to the success of the project.

So it is never possible to evaluate a technology very accurately since its "feasibility" and ultimate success are to be searched in the details, and these will only be discovered along the way.


It is therefore essential, while keeping a watchful eye on the market potential, to be able to navigate in unknown waters and take the best decisions on a case-by-case basis, looking in depth and understanding the implications at each step, because this will make all the difference.


It is not the allure and promises of the technology, which clearly must be there, to be the main factor, but the achievability of its implementation. That is, both the actual technical feasibility, where little is generally known and the most suitable solutions must be found along the way, and the capacity to take these decisions, which is a human factor and depends to a large extent on the people, internal structure and mechanisms of the company.


Both of these aspects are not assessable at the beginning of an investment, the first because, in any new technology, the problems that will be encountered will be unique, the second because, despite good will, human systems are often imperfect and it is not always the case that people with the right characteristics are chosen (more on this in another post).


Add to this the fact that development plans are often expected to be defined with obsessive precision, a not only unrealistic but, against all conviction, counterproductive request: the more one tries to define a scenario, a milestone, a problem, primarily in order to appear competent and gain the trust of the various business partners, the less likely one will be to be able to implement the right solution.


Such "certainties" give the inattentive investor the illusory impression of control, of being "on top of things," but in reality the demand for precise definition limits the possibility of action, both operationally and psychologically, to the detriment of the flexibility needed to be able to make the right choice, forcing to stay within a previously defined framework (again in order not to disappoint, not to admit one's mistake, not to lose trust) instead of being free to find the best answer and make it happen.


The "average" investor wants certainty, without realizing that such certainty is the opposite of what is needed, and inversely proportional to the probability of his own success.


It is not primarily the "what," but the "who" and the "how" (plus of course the "why," also sometimes to be discovered and refined along the way) that is really important. And the "who" does not have to be the person who gives certainties, but who is able to find the right way.


The future is not exactly predictable, the ability to create it as we go, without preconceived ideas, and the courage and intellectual honesty to admit that exact plans are neither feasible nor effective, are the main predictors of a startup's success, especially when dealing with innovative technologies.


And here we come to the conclusion of Italiantech's article: not all startups that raise a lot of money are good per se. No, far from it.


Finding new financing is related in many cases more to the ability to convince, sometimes even ignoring or embellishing reality, than to real intrinsic value, and this because of another very human reason: we like to be dazzled and we tend to consider competent those who tell us what we want to hear and we ourselves are already convinced of, rather than those who can analyse problems objectively and tell the truth. But this is a topic that deserves its own chapter, to be elaborated by talking also about the figure of Elizabeth Holmes and the dynamics of fundraising, and will be the subject of another post.

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